12a. “Apologetical and Explanatory,” Massachusetts Quarterly Review (September 1848): 509-512.


Brief essay explaining the rationale behind a previous article, in which the anonymous author(s) deplores the terrible working conditions in factories, particularly those using child labor. Although the lack of opportunity for “ moral ” (i.e. educational) development was a serious problem in factories located in New England, the author(s) asserts that the situation is much worse in England and France.