34. E. T. Winkler, “The Negroes in the Gulf States,” International Review 1 (September 1874): 577-94.


Derogatory characterization of African Americans. “The thin varnish of civilization and sentiment can not conceal the barbarism of the race. Nay, notwithstanding the costly expenditures made for their benefit, and the occasional success of national and philanthropic efforts for their elevation, they are even retrograding morally.” The author predicts that the race problem in the Gulf States will be resolved only when the black residents emigrate to the vast, uninhabited territory in the American Southwest.